![]() I’m guessing that his (or Jarman’s) rationale was that Ariel is somewhat detached from human concerns, maybe because he isn’t human, or he only performs actions because Prospero told him so, promising to grant him his freedom, so he’s not acting out of his free will. He makes an odd acting choice, to play the lively spirit of the island in a somewhat sedated manner. Ariel (Karl Johnson) and Prospero (Heathcote Williams)Īs Ariel, Karl Johnson wears modern clothes – some sort of white jumpsuit with white gloves and white shoes, wearing white makeup on his face. Williams is serviceable in the role, but, again, nothing memorable. This is also the only version that features a young(er) Prospero (starring a “real-life” magician, Heathcote Williams, which may be a nod to the idea that the character Prospero was supposedly inspired by the real-life occultist and mathematician John Dee). Jack Birkett manages to create an utterly disgusting, despicable, creepy, and perverse creature. Speaking of which, out of all the adaptations of The Tempest I’ve seen, this is the only version where I didn’t feel pity for Caliban. One exception, perhaps, would be Jack Birkett as Caliban – but maybe that’s more due to the role that demanded a somewhat more over the top performance. The acting, overall, was good, but nothing really memorable, no one really stands out. But, on the other hand, male nudity is not that weird for a Derek Jarman movie. Personally, I felt it was a bit too much for my taste. Some might say that’s somewhat understandable considering there are only two roles played by women – one of whom, by the way, gets fully naked too, the other one only half-naked. One can see a lot of full frontal male nudity in this movie. However, at the same time, the film has a very naturalistic feel, not detached, not theatrical, but very down-to-earth (maybe a bit too much, though). There is a touch of Buñuelian surrealistic horror (think Un chien andalou), but it’s not so much scary or disturbing, as bizarre. The music and sound design, the nighttime lighting, with muted colors (up until the wedding, at the end of the movie), and the cinematography (many close ups of the barely lit characters’ faces) work together to create the creepy atmosphere of a haunted house. One of the weirdest of Jarman’s directorial choices (but not the weirdest) is to shoot almost all of the scenes indoors, inside Prospero’s house, during nighttime, turning the play into a sort of a strange haunted house movie. Prospero (Heathcote Williams) in his laboratory, with Ariel (Karl Johnson) However, like also with Prospero’s Books, you do have to be somewhat familiar with the original play in order to fully understand what is happening on the screen. In this sense, Derek Jarman’s film is easier to follow than Peter Greenaway’s. ![]() Unlike another The Tempest adaptation (Peter Greenaway’s Prospero’s Books), this one doesn’t stray too far away from the original narrative path. This is a different medium, and I’m just going to state my thoughts whether it works as a movie. I don’t think that’s the right approach for any kind of film adaptation. Now, I’m not going to analyze this movie to see whether it is a faithful line-by-line adaptation of Shakespeare’s play (like, for instance, those people who are Shakespeare purists, or those who think that some comic book movies are not faithful enough to the original comics, etc., etc.). In the end, Prospero learns to forgive, allowing the two youths to marry, destroying his magical books and staff, and freeing Ariel and all the other spirits that served him. However, Miranda falls in love with Ferdinand (son of the king of Naples), who was also stranded on the island with his father. ![]() Currently, Prospero has conjured a tempest that would bring Antonio and his co-conspirators to the island to face the vengeance of the wronged Duke. Ariel now serves Prospero together with Caliban, the “savage and deformed” son of Sycorax. Using his great magical knowledge, Prospero rescued the “airy spirit” Ariel from his entrapment by the now dead witch Sycorax (the former master of the island). We are told that Prospero, “the rightful Duke of Milan,” was betrayed twelve years ago by his brother, Antonio (helped by Alonso, the king of Naples), thus being forced to find refuge on a deserted island, together with his young daughter, Miranda, now a teenager. The story of the 1611 Shakespeare play that formed the basis for this film is, I presume, well-known. This is the kind of movie that’s obscure enough and bizarre enough to deserve a “cult” status. The weirdness in Derek Jarman’s 1979 adaptation of The Tempest is something that could attract people and repel them at the same time.
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![]() Like he does regularly, Bailey had to play on Oct. “Yes, I will continue playing my numbers until this train runs out!” he said. “I had to play this morning before I came here,” Robert Bailey, 67, told reporters at the Resorts World Casino in Queens Wednesday, holding up his betting slips.īailey has “faithfully” played the same numbers since 1993 and dabbles in all the New York State Lottery Games.Īnd he’s not about to stop now - even with an added $125,396,690 in the bank after taxes. Lottery winner thought she got $2,000 prize-when jackpot was actually $2 millionĪ retired government employee from Harlem came forward Wednesday to claim last month’s $343.8 million Powerball jackpot - the largest in New York state history - and he never plans to stop playing. Retired NYC handyman lands record $476M Mega Millions jackpot Lottery urged to release video of Edwin Castro buying $2B ticket - by men claiming he's not the winner ![]() 20, 2021 Maryland.Ĭhris Sims is a digital producer at Midwest DOT.The rise and fall of an economist who beat the system to become a 14-time lottery winnerĬalif. $1.337 billion, Mega Millions - JIllinois.13, 2016 California, Florida, Tennessee. Here are the nation's all-time top 10 Powerball and Mega Millions jackpots, according to : Here are the all-time top 10 Powerball jackpots, according to : No winner, jackpot grows to $219M Top 10 Powerball lottery jackpots Powerball numbers: Results for Wednesday, April 12, 2023. Here is the list of 2023 Powerball jackpot wins, according to : Here's how to play Powerball: Powerball's last jackpot winner The Powerball jackpot for Monday grew to an estimated $235 million with a cash option of $125.3 million, according to .ĭrawings are held three times per week at approximately 10:59 p.m. A ticket matching one of the five numbers and the Powerball is also worth $4. Matching two numbers won't win anything in Powerball unless one of the numbers is the Powerball. What do I win if I get 2 numbers on Powerball? However, that number must be the Powerball worth $4. You only need to match one number in Powerball to win a prize. How many numbers in Powerball do you need to win a prize? They were sold in Florida, Pennsylvania, and Puerto Rico. Three tickets matched all five numbers except for the Powerball worth $500,000. One was solid in Michigan, while the other was purchased in New Jersey.ĭouble Play numbers are 4, 6, 15, 19, 28, and the Powerball is 15. Two tickets matched all five numbers except for the Powerball worth $1 million. No one matched all six numbers to win the Powerball jackpot. Did anyone win Powerball last night, April 15, 2023? The winning numbers for Saturday night's drawing are 1, 33, 34, 56, 59, and the Powerball is 18. Mega Millions numbers: Mega Millions winner! $476M winning lottery ticket sold in New York for April 14 jackpot Powerball winning numbers for 4/15/23 The numbers have been selected for the Saturday, April 15 lottery jackpot worth an estimated $219 million, with a cash option of $116.7 million. Grab your tickets and let's see if you're the game's newest millionaire. The Powerball jackpot took another leap forward after nobody hit all six numbers Wednesday night. Watch Video: 13 things more likely to happen than winning the Powerball jackpot The problem is that we've seen it all before. There is nothing very innovative that makes the game special.ĭragon Mania Legends is an enjoyable casual game that will appeal to dragon fans, as well as fans of games like Clash of Clans. DML Planner is an (unofficial) Dragon Mania Legends web app and planning tool developed by Toomas, a valued DML player and community member.The DML Planner is the property of its developer, not the DML wiki, though it is linked from Dragon pages, due to its well-designed, well maintained, and useful nature. There are many resource management games out there, and Dragon Mania Legends' Pokemon-like battling is not original enough to stand out. It’s a sweet Korean based game, even if most events lack major English transcription, and has. However, the whole experience is a bit soulless. The funniest thing is I only ever played DragonVale very recently (convinced by a friend to do so about a week ago) I actually grew up playing something called Dragon Village from Highbrow studios, which is more of a little mini RPG than anything. Here are a few things you need to know: DOTW Dragon of the Week. Use the search function to find the dragon you want. You can sort and filter them by their type (rarity), name and element. I have added in details for breeding combinations and also their breeding times. ![]() Gameloft certainly brings a high-quality feel to Dragon Mania Legends, with good graphics, music and sound effects. Here is a list of all Dragons from Dragons Mania Legends. Despite the many options and things to do in the game, Dragon Mania Legends is easy to learn and pretty simple. You can fight against the game, or go online and fight other users. Dragon Mania Legends is a game created in 2015 by Gameloft.The Dragon Mania Legends (DML) Wiki is an independent website created by fans like you to be a reliable guide and tutorial to the game. Le Dragon ROBOT est lun des dragons du Donjon. Battles require you to learn which dragons are the best for each enemy, and manage your skills and attacks well. 'Quand je découvris que le Dragon ROBOT faisait des réparations dans le donjon, je me demandais pourquoi une créature si intelligente ne sétait pas encore retournée contre son créateur.' Ce dragon est disponible depuis la MAJ - 1.3.0. Battles are tactical, requiring planning more than reactions. You choose a target, and the type of attack you hope will cause the most damage. Combat in the game is like the classic turn-based RPG fight system. Doing this means you have to manage farms, which generate the food for your dragons.īattles are a big part of Dragon Mania Legends. Here is a list of all Dragons from Dragons Mania Legends. You have to train and feed them so they become big and strong. Most Popular Codes: Active Promo Codes for Survivor!.When dragons are born, they are small and helpless. ![]() In Dragon Mania Legends youll prepare an army of dragons for battle as. The rarer the egg, the longer that it will take to hatch. DragonVale is one of the original dragon breeding games available for iOS and. You have everything from your garden variety hybrids like the Smoke Dragon to the legendary rare dragons that would cost a ton of gems, or otherwise have to be found through complete luck and patience, or a helluva lot of money. This website is a work in progress and is constantly changing, aiming to serve as a thorough walkthrough to all players. Dragon Mania Legends contains far more dragons than almost any other dragon breeding game. The Dragon Mania Legends (DML) Wiki is an independent website created by fans like you to be a reliable guide and tutorial to the game. Also, the higher your dragons’ levels are, the better the chances of a rare dragon egg appearing. Dragon Mania Legends is a game created in 2015 by Gameloft. Pick any two dragons that are a combination of the three or more listed elements. Note that many of the dragons on this list consist of more than two elements, meaning that they will require at least one other hybrid dragon to be used. ![]() Here is the full list of all breeding combinations in Dragon Mania Legends for iOS, Android and Windows Phone! Dragon Mania Legends contains far more dragons than almost any other dragon breeding game. ![]() Open my eyes? If I open them, it will be over for me. The Future Buddha immediately stopped speaking. “Either you open your eyes or shut your mouth!” Gu Hai’s eyes turned cold. ![]() “You! Don’t think that you-” the Future Buddha roared, depressed. Gu Hai sneered, “Why didn’t you think of these words before you attacked?” “Gu Hai, are you planning on becoming enemies with my Spirit Mountain Holy Land? The Lord Buddha will not let you off!” the Future Buddha roared ferociously. Now, the emperor returned, killed all the bandits in the blink of an eye, and captured the ringleader. ![]() “His Reverence is mighty!” the officials cheered excitedly.Įarlier, the Future Buddha had pushed them to the brink of death. The vines pulled the Future Buddha over to Gu Hai. “No!” the Future Buddha cried out in fear. “Treasure, please bind!” Gu Hai swapped to the Vine World Calabash.Ĭountless vines burst out of the calabash’s opening to bind the Future Buddha, who was vomiting blood. It was the nether realm experts the Unborn Man summoned who attacked. Three palm strikes combined into one attack that instantly knocked the severely injured Future Buddha back to the Soaring Palace Hall’s plaza. “What?” The Future Buddha’s expression changed. However, three powerful skeletons suddenly appeared in front of the Future Buddha the moment he entered the fog. The severely injured Future Buddha rushed into the vast fog around Borderless Heavenly Capital. The citizens cheered, but the Future Buddha’s expression changed dramatically.Īs the Future Buddha ran, he howled, “Gu Hai returned! Save me! Save me!” Who would pity these monks at this point? All the citizens wished they could kill the monks themselves. However, the Future Buddha had wanted to kill all the citizens earlier. Previously, they might have pitied these monks. “Your Reverence is mighty!” the citizens cheered wildly in obvious anger and hatred for the Spirit Mountain Holy Land. The Immortal Slaying Flying Saber returned to the Immortal Slaying Calabash after chopping off several heads. When he used it now, it was no weaker than Lu Ya’s use back then.Įven early-stage Upper Heavenly Palace Realm cultivators lost their heads before the Immortal Slaying Flying Saber. The heads of all the buddhas, bodhisattvas, and arhats flew off before they could even utter a final scream.Īs Gu Hai’s cultivation increased, the Immortal Slaying Flying Saber became mightier. ![]() The Immortal Slaying Flying Saber would not return without a head. The Future Buddha could not save the buddhas, bodhisattvas, and arhats in time. The manifested saber knocked the Future Buddha flying, blood spraying everywhere. Although the manifested saber had weakened, it still arrived before the Future Buddha. The Cycle Saber Technique was very powerful, splitting the golden mountain in half with a loud sound and scattering it in all directions. The moment he tossed out the kāṣāya, it turned into a golden mountain descending from the sky, pressing downwards. He hastily removed his kāṣāya and flung it at Gu Hai. However, Gu Hai now swung his Life Executioner Saber.Ī massive manifested saber rushed at the Future Buddha, causing his expression to change dramatically. The Future Buddha had blocked the Immortal Slaying Flying Saber to save the buddhas, bodhisattvas, and arhats. “Gu Hai, you dare?!” the Future Buddha screamed in fear. “Leave quickly!” The expressions of the buddhas, bodhisattvas, and arhats changed greatly. Apple's keynotes started a trend that many other tech companies have followed. Not a livestream that millions are watching. Narrator: It feels like a small presentation you were invited to. Narrator: And they talk in a conversational tone. Schiller: We all love the cameras in our iPhone. Jeff Williams: We think you're gonna love everything about the new displays on Series 4. Schiller: Well, you are going to be blown away with the pictures you can take with the iPhone XS's camera. It also helps that Apple's presenters are experts at keeping the audience engaged. But it still manages to keep the message clear and simple, often using a single phrase per slide. It prefers fancy marketing terms, like Retina or 3D Touch. Narrator: Apple doesn't spend time talking about RAM or milliamps. Narrator: You just need to know that this new version is better than the old one. Tom Boger: Five times faster than before. Phil Schiller: 40% more energy efficient. Apple talks in percentages more often than specifics. If a speaker keeps saying revolutionary, you walk away thinking this phone is revolutionary.īut you won't find too many specs in an Apple presentation. Repetitive exaggeration drives home Apple's message about a product. That same segment says beautiful seven times. Just listen to this description of the Apple Watch. Apple describes everything with superlatives. You might have also noticed that they exaggerate.a lot. Apple products aren't presented as just computers or phones. Part of that impact is growing communities. He also explains the positive impact Apple has had. Narrator: And shows how Apple has been in your life for years. ![]() Tim Cook takes the stage, says "good morning." And make a product feel larger than life. These build suspense leading up to a product reveal. ![]() I happen to like this town ♪Īpple includes several more videos throughout its presentation. It's about imagination, accessibility, or even New York City. The keynotes always open with a video, which conveys a theme or idea that the keynote echoes. Over the years, the presentation has gotten flashier, but the story hasn't changed. But it isn't just showing new products it's telling a story. Narrator: Apple has been holding this style of presentation for over 20 years. Tim Cook: We've got some really exciting things to share with you, and we're gonna have some fun along the way. ![]() Narrator: Before we get a new iPhone, we get an Apple keynote. Your primer for everything to expect from Apple WWDC 2022 is here.Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders. The benefit here is that you can watch the event on your TV for an eye-popping experience. If you launch your Apple TV, access to the keynote should appear right at the top of the interface in the Watch Now content carousel. Just like on YouTube, this will let you set up a reminder for the Apple keynote so that you can return to Apple’s Events page and catch the announcements live when it kicks off.Īpple will also feature the keynote live stream prominently on its Apple TV streaming platform. Similarly, you can head over to the Apple Events page on the official website and right at the top of the page you’ll see the option to add WWDC 2022’s keynote to your calendar. Depending on what your YouTube notification settings are you should get a little reminder later today when the event goes live. If you head over to YouTube proper and open up the WWDC 2022 Livestream, you should see the option to set a reminder if you’re signed in to your Google account. ![]() Find the best deals on HP 74, HP 74XL, HP 75 and HP 75XL ink cartridges at the official HP. Just before completing your order, take a moment to check for coupons and you’ll save even more on hp photosmart c4280 printer ink. Shop original HP cartridges for your HP PhotoSmart C4280 printer. If you’re a new user on AliExpress, we’ll let you in on a secret. Save up to 70 with Remanufactured Ink True, Vibrant Colors Page Yield Meets or Beats OEMs 2 Year Money-back Guarantee Genuine Cartridges for the HP C4280 Genuine HP cartridges. From a wide range of quality brands to affordable picks, these reviews will help you find the best hp photosmart c4280 printer ink, no matter what your budget is.įurthermore, always look out for deals and sales like the 11.11 Global Shopping Festival, Anniversary Sale or Summer Sale to get the most bang for your buck for hp photosmart c4280 printer ink and enjoy even lower prices. HP Photosmart C4280 Ink Cartridges Note: This is not the same printer as the HP Deskjet D4280 or the HP Deskjet F4280. To get more information, read the real reviews left by shoppers so you can make an informed decision. ![]() It has never been easier to refill a cartridge than with this complete kit with. Need more help to find the most popular hp photosmart c4280 printer ink? All you need to do is sort by ‘orders’ and you’ll find the bestselling hp photosmart c4280 printer ink on AliExpress! It’s so easy and takes only seconds to shop for what you’re looking for. HP PHOTOSMART C4280 COLOR ink refill kit for HP 351, HP 351XL cartridges. ![]() Genuine HP black cartridge, been in use for weeks - suddenly wont print and message says - 8700404. Saw something that caught your attention? Now you can shop for it and enjoy a good deal on AliExpress! Simply browse an extensive selection of the best hp photosmart c4280 printer ink and filter by best match or price to find one that suits you! You can also filter out items that offer free shipping, fast delivery or free return to narrow down your search for hp photosmart c4280 printer ink! Help I have an old but very good HP Photosmart 4200. The HP Photosmart C4280 uses the following 74, 74XL, 75, 75XL Ink Cartridges namely - 74 Black, 74XL Black, 75 Colour, 75XL Colour. ![]() There are, of course, different ways you can do that. But just like Zipping files, Unzipping them is quite easy too. That is just one reason why knowing how to open zip files on your Mac is now a necessity. So, what happens when you download these files but don't know your way around opening them? Bummer. More and more of the files uploaded to websites come in Zipped formats to make downloads faster and easier. The internet of yesterday is not the same as the internet of today. This is especially true if you downloaded the files from the web. Knowing how to zip files on Mac is good and fine but sometimes, the files you want are already Zipped. Part 3: How to Unzip and Open Files on Mac for Free Type in the secure password and click on "OK" or press "Enter/Return." Your Zipped files are now password-protected. A popup window will appear, prompting you to enter a password (you will have to enter the password twice the second time will be for verification). Type in these commands in the Terminal: zip -er archive_name target_folderħ. Find and click on "Terminal" to launch it.Ħ. Choose the file you want to Zip and right-click on it (to make it easier, make sure the file is on your desktop).ĥ. The files will be compressed and Zipped into a single file. Drag and drop the file (s) to be Zipped into the Terminal's window.ħ. Type this command in the Terminal and leave a space: zipĦ. If the Zipped file is not located on your desktop, move it to the desktop (it's more convenient in this way).ĥ. You can also launch Terminal from your Mac's "Applications/Utilities" folder.ģ. Open up Terminal by typing in "Terminal" at the search bar located on the top right part of your screen. You can Zip your files in Mac's Terminal in different ways, but the simplest method will be outlined here for you.Ģ. In the drop-down menu that appears, click on "Compress." A zip file will be created in the same directory as the original folder. Make a folder for the file or files you want to Zip.ĥ. How to Create Zip Files and Folder on MacĢ. The file is then Zipped while the original is left just the way it was. Select "Compress" in the drop-down menu you see. Right-click on the said file or folder.ģ. Open a Finder window, then locate the file or folder you want to zip.Ģ. Only the free solutions will be given out to you today, though. Some are free but there are paid options too (third-party software). There are several ways to the Zip file on Mac. It uses a native tool called "Archive Utility" that does the job for you. Zipping a file on Mac gives you great solutions to these questions. Well, ask yourself these questions too: Don't you want to reduce email-transmission time? And wouldn't it be great to save many emails despite your mailbox's space limit? What about the time it takes to upload or download files via the web? You might ask yourself if knowing how to create and open Zip files are really worth taking the time out to know. Part 2: How to Zip a File on Mac for Free Do you now see the marked difference between the two formats? Zip files are well and truly capable of saving over 80% or more of the space in your Mac's hard drive. And when it comes to the archive creation process, its speed is relatively faster than that of the Rar format. Thus, the majority of users have software that can open Zip files primarily. ![]() The Zip file format is a free and open-source, making it more popular. The same can't be said for the Rar format because it often requires third-party software to be opened. Because the Zip format is older, both Windows and Mac come pre-installed with software that is capable of opening it. For one, Zip files were invented long before Rar, meaning there are more software out there capable of opening and decompressing Zip files because it is a standard file format.Īlong the same vein, compatibility is also a difference. Rar is very similar to the Zip but they are quite different too. Zip is simply a data archive and compression format. Part 4: How to Recover Deleted Zip Files on Mac.Part 3: How to Unzip and Open Files on Mac for Free.Part 2: How to Zip a File on Mac for Free. ![]() If you didn't have the slow mo that game would've been a nightmare to control.Īgain, like Alan Wake, what defined that game to me was the mood, setting and story. It didn't hurt it was also pretty bad ass and tied into the hard boiled noir setting. You were pretty fragile in those games so you needed the slow mo to aim, survey the environment and have time to react to all the bullets flying everywhere. Then try again or if successful, move on to the next stage. Slow mo jump into a room, okay theres going to be 2 guys to the right, 1 behind the bar, shoot them, then theres going to be a guy behind the door who will throw a grenade, backwards roll out of there, exit slow mo, go around the corner and jump into slow mo and shoot the guy around the corner. They were trial and error almost puzzle shooters. If anything, Remedy are perfectly adept at crafting both a third person shooter to boast about on top of a brilliant narrative experience.īut to me the original Max Payne's weren't nimble, slick twitch based shooters either. It all mixed in together to make a brilliant psychological and tense thriller. Max Payne established some pioneering ground-work in regards to the ever-popular "slow-mo" and third person shooting mechanics while Alan Wake expertly expanded on more integrated and personal stories without exterior elements tossed in via the dark. I think he was attempting to reference their work on Max Payne and the third-person genre in general, rather than the shooter aspects itself. Something Remedy or possibly Halo 5 (jeez, that number is crazy to think about) would get me to buy an XB1. ![]() ![]() Then I can reasonably see myself getting an XB1 for it. The light to dark mechanics were also a cool idea and parts of that game looked fantastic.īeing selfish I hope this doesn't come out until this time next year if not further down the line. I really liked the atmosphere it created and the way it told it's story. The most interesting parts of Alan Wake to me weren't the third person shooting parts. ![]()
![]() The way in which individuals behave in a crowd has been a subject of increasing attention. The behaviors that members of a crowd perform will thus depend upon how strongly the crowd becomes a source of social identity and the norms At these moments spectators are not responding as individuals but as members of the social group, "fans." However, when points are scored by the home team, the crowd responds collectively, as part of social group. For example, at a sporting event, fans are sometimes talking to their friends about topics of individual interest. Crowds typically alternate between these two phases, sometimes acting collectively, sometimes individually. ![]() During this phase, the group norms heavily influence each individual's behavior. In the conforming phase, however, individuals in a crowd are highly aware of the group of which they are a part, and they show high levels of conformity. ![]() At these times, individuals are not particularly aware of their membership in a crowd and are not particularly influenced by those around them. During the individual phase, people move freely about. For example, on most city streets, pedestrians walking and milling about do not consider themselves to be part of a group and do not draw a sense of identity from the people around them.Įugen Tarnow noted that these wide variations in the effect of crowds on individuals can be best understood by identifying two phases, an individual phase and a conforming phase. Often crowds do not engage in collective behavior at all. In the short time frame of many crowd gatherings, the norm becomes whatever everyone else is doing.īeing amid a group of people, however, does not always lead one to become deindividuated, nor does it always lead to the ascendancy of social identity over individual identity. Group norms, or a group's standards and expectations regarding appropriate behavior, become especially important, and the individual is likely to conform strictly to those norms. When social identity is salient to an individual, that person becomes particularly susceptible to social influence. Thus, in line with social identity theory, deindividuation leads someone to become focused on social identity rather than individual identity. Crowds also focus attention away from the self, so one's own values and internal standards become less influential. First, crowds lead individuals to feel less accountable for their actions the individual is less likely to be singled out and feels less personally responsible for any act the crowd commits. Being in a crowd is likely to lead to deindividuation for a number of reasons. A key psychological mechanism through which crowds become a source of identity is deindividuation, the loss of a person's sense of identity and weakening of inhibitions, which occurs only in the presence of others. Under some circumstances, crowds can become a source of identity as well. Groups such as one's family, school, or religion can all provide positive sources of identity. Social identity theory, originally developed by European psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970's, posits that the individual derives an important part of his or her sense of identity from the groups to which he or she belongs. Rather than relying on Le Bon's concepts of mass hypnosis and loss of rationality, modern researchers draw primarily from social identity theory to help explain crowd behavior. Le Bon's perspective has also been greatly refined. Experimental research has determined that almost any individual could be influenced to behave in uncharacteristic ways under the right circumstances. Modern social psychological research suggests that neither of these early viewpoints is a good description of the psychological forces underlying crowd behavior. Consequently, in his book he painted an extremely negative picture of crowd behavior. Le Bon disapproved of crowd behavior in all forms. He believed that crowds transform people, obliterating their normal abilities to be rational and putting them in a hypnotic, highly suggestible state. Le Bon provided a more psychological analysis of crowd behavior, recognizing that even people of high intelligence could become members of an unruly crowd. Proponents of this perspective assumed that crowd behavior could be explained by the makeup of the individual personalities of people in the crowd and that certain kinds of people were more likely to be found in a crowd. Early theories of crowd behavior hypothesized that unruly crowds were made up of criminals or the mentally deficient. |
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